Every director of a UK company has legal duties set out in the Companies Act 2006. These duties apply to all directors equally – whether executive or non-executive, salaried or unpaid, formally appointed or acting as a de facto or shadow director.
The Seven Statutory Duties
Sections 171-177 of the Companies Act 2006 codify the duties that directors owe to the company:
1. Duty to Act Within Powers (s.171)
A director must:
- Act in accordance with the company’s constitution (the articles of association and any shareholders’ agreement)
- Exercise powers only for the purposes for which they were conferred
This means directors cannot use their position to pursue personal interests or act outside the scope of what the company’s constitution allows.
2. Duty to Promote the Success of the Company (s.172)
A director must act in the way they consider, in good faith, would be most likely to promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members as a whole. In doing so, they must have regard to:
| Factor | What It Means |
|---|---|
| Long-term consequences | Consider the impact of decisions beyond the immediate term |
| Employees’ interests | Take account of the workforce, not just shareholders |
| Business relationships | Foster relationships with suppliers, customers and others |
| Community and environment | Consider the impact on the community and environment |
| Reputation | Maintain high standards of business conduct |
| Fairness between members | Act fairly as between different shareholders |
For companies subject to the Section 172 statement requirement (large companies), the directors must describe in the annual report how they have had regard to these factors.
3. Duty to Exercise Independent Judgement (s.173)
A director must exercise their own judgement and not simply defer to the views of other directors, shareholders or advisers. This does not prevent a director from relying on professional advice, but they must apply their own mind to the decision.
4. Duty to Exercise Reasonable Care, Skill and Diligence (s.174)
A director must exercise the care, skill and diligence that would be exercised by a reasonably diligent person with:
- The general knowledge, skill and experience that may reasonably be expected of a person in that role
- The actual knowledge, skill and experience that the director has
This is a dual test – the standard rises if the director has specialist knowledge (for example, a qualified accountant serving as finance director is held to a higher standard than a non-financial director).
5. Duty to Avoid Conflicts of Interest (s.175)
A director must avoid situations in which they have, or could have, a direct or indirect interest that conflicts with the interests of the company. This covers:
- Business opportunities that the director becomes aware of through their role
- Competing businesses or directorships
- Personal transactions with the company
Conflicts can be authorised by the board (in private companies, if the articles allow it) or by the shareholders.
6. Duty Not to Accept Benefits from Third Parties (s.176)
A director must not accept benefits from third parties that are conferred because of their position as director or because of anything they do (or do not do) as director. This covers bribes, gifts, hospitality and other inducements that could compromise the director’s judgement.
A benefit is not caught by this duty if accepting it cannot reasonably be regarded as likely to give rise to a conflict of interest.
7. Duty to Declare Interest in Proposed Transactions (s.177)
If a director has a direct or indirect interest in a proposed transaction or arrangement with the company, they must declare the nature and extent of that interest to the other directors before the transaction is entered into.
The declaration must be made:
- At a board meeting, or
- By written notice to the other directors
Filing and Administrative Responsibilities
Beyond the statutory duties, directors are personally responsible for ensuring the company meets its filing obligations:
| Obligation | Deadline | Consequence of Failure |
|---|---|---|
| Annual accounts filed at Companies House | 9 months after year end (private) | Automatic penalties from £150 to £1,500 |
| Confirmation statement | At least once every 12 months | Company can be struck off |
| Corporation Tax return | 12 months after accounting period end | £100 penalty, rising to £200 and then 10% of tax |
| VAT returns | Quarterly (or as per scheme) | Points-based penalties |
| PAYE/RTI submissions | On or before each payday | £100 per 50 employees per month |
| Notification of changes | Within 14 days of director/registered office changes | Fine and potential prosecution |
Directors can delegate these tasks to accountants, company secretaries or employees, but the legal responsibility remains with the directors.
Financial Responsibilities
Directors must ensure:
- The company keeps adequate accounting records (s.386)
- The company’s accounts give a true and fair view of its financial position (s.393)
- The accounts are prepared in accordance with the applicable accounting framework (FRS 102, FRS 105 or IFRS)
- The company does not trade while insolvent (s.214 Insolvency Act 1986)
- Dividends are only paid from distributable reserves (s.830)
Wrongful Trading
If a director knew or ought to have known that the company had no reasonable prospect of avoiding insolvent liquidation, they have a duty to take every step to minimise losses to creditors. Failure to do so is wrongful trading under s.214 of the Insolvency Act, and the director can be ordered to contribute personally to the company’s assets.
Fraudulent Trading
Fraudulent trading (s.213 Insolvency Act) is carrying on business with intent to defraud creditors. This is a criminal offence and can result in personal liability, disqualification and imprisonment.
Personal Liability
Directors can face personal liability in several situations:
| Scenario | Potential Consequence |
|---|---|
| Wrongful trading | Personal contribution to company assets |
| Fraudulent trading | Criminal prosecution, personal liability, imprisonment |
| Breach of statutory duty | Compensation to the company, account of profits |
| Director disqualification | Ban from acting as director for 2-15 years |
| HMRC personal liability notice | Personal liability for company PAYE/NIC debts |
| Phoenix company rules | Personal liability for debts of the new company |
| Health and safety breaches | Criminal prosecution of individual directors |
Director Disqualification
Under the Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986, a director can be disqualified for:
- Unfitness demonstrated by conduct in relation to an insolvent company
- Persistent breaches of companies legislation (e.g. repeated late filings)
- Fraud or fraudulent trading
- Wrongful trading
Disqualification periods range from 2 to 15 years. A disqualified person cannot act as a director, directly or indirectly, of any UK company.
De Facto and Shadow Directors
A de facto director is someone who acts as a director without being formally appointed. A shadow director is someone in accordance with whose directions or instructions the directors are accustomed to act. Both are subject to the same duties and liabilities as formally appointed directors.
Practical Steps for Directors
- Understand the seven duties – they apply from the moment of appointment
- Declare conflicts immediately and in writing
- Keep proper records – minutes of board meetings, written resolutions, declarations of interest
- Monitor the company’s financial position regularly – do not wait for year-end accounts
- Take professional advice when faced with complex decisions
- Ensure timely filings – delegate but verify
- Consider directors’ and officers’ (D&O) insurance to protect against personal liability claims